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One of the most contagious animal
diseases, with important economic losses
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Low mortality rate in adult animals,
but often high mortality in young due to myocarditis
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Bovidae (cattle, zebus, domestic buffaloes, yaks), sheep,
goats, swine, all wild ruminants and suidae. Camelidae (camels, dromedaries,
llamas, vicunas) have low susceptibility
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Direct or indirect contact (droplets)
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Animate vectors (humans, etc.)
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Inanimate vectors (vehicles, implements)
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Airborne, especially temperate zones (up to 60 km overland
and 300 km by sea)
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Incubating and clinically affected animals
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Breath, saliva, faeces, and urine; milk and semen (up
to 4 days before clinical signs)
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Meat and by-products in which pH has remained above
6.0
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Carriers: particularly cattle and water buffalo; convalescent
animals and exposed vaccinates (virus persists in the oropharynx for
up to 30 months in cattle or longer in buffalo, 9 months in sheep).
African Cape buffalo are the major maintenance host of SAT serotypes
FMD is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East
and South America (sporadic outbreaks in free areas)
For detailed information on occurrence, see recent issues of World
Animal Health and the OIE Bulletin
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